Does Coconut Oil stimulate appetite?
A comment I read on PaleoHacks led me to this article on Livestrong: Does Coconut Oil increase your appetite? It cites the following study: Ingested Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Are Directly Utilized for the Acyl Modification of Ghrelin .
ABSTRACT:
Ghrelin, an acylated brain and gut peptide, is primarily produced by endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa for secretion into the circulation. The major active form of ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide containing an n-octanoyl modification at serine that is essential for activity. Studies have identified multiple physiological functions for ghrelin, including GH release, appetite stimulation, and metabolic fuel preference. Until now, there has not been any report detailing the mechanism of ghrelin acyl modification. Here we report that ingestion of either medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) or medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) increased the stomach concentrations of acylated ghrelin without changing the total (acyl- and des-acyl-) ghrelin amounts.
After ingestion of either MCFAs or MCTs, the carbon chain lengths of the acyl groups attached to nascent ghrelin molecules corresponded to that of the ingested MCFAs or MCTs. Ghrelin peptides modified with n-butyryl or n-palmitoyl groups, however, could not be detected after ingestion of the corresponding short-chain or long-chain fatty acids, respectively. Moreover, n-heptanoyl ghrelin, an unnatural form of ghrelin, could be detected in the stomach of mice after ingestion of either n-heptanoic acid or glyceryl triheptanoate. These findings indicate that ingested medium-chain fatty acids are directly used for the acylation of ghrelin.
So, while the MCT's in CO don't stimulate more ghrelin production, they do bind ghrelin and convert it to the active form that stimulates appetite. Short chain fatty acids like butyrate and long chain fatty acids like palmitic acid do not do this. The Livestrong article goes on to mention how CO can aid in weight loss, but I've not found peer review evidence of impact on metabolic rate, but I have seen one study where replacement of LCT's with MCT's has aided slightly in this regard.
I was wondering why this might be and then I was reminded that the only other food I can think of high in MCT's is human breast milk. Perhaps the MCT's activating ghrelin ensured babies would eat enough?
In any case, I just wanted to share this with my readers since CO is all the rage in both the low carb and paleo movements. Perhaps it's something to consider if you're not losing or gaining weight on an ad libitum diet that includes lots of CO. Those who take CO as a supplement of sorts (why?) might want to reconsider that unless they are trying to gain weight.
Comments
Personally, I use coconut oil as an appetite killer. 2 tbs of it takes away my ability to eat 2 lbs of beef in 1 sitting. I have to stop after 1 lbs.
http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v27/n12/pdf/0802467a.pdf
Sure, it might aid slightly in weight loss, but CO is probably more valuable from being resistant to peroxidation and antimicrobial
@Steven: Interesting study. It's funny when I first looked into MCT's years ago I kept coming across its use for weight GAIN for folks with fat malabsorption issues. I agree with you, CO likely more beneficial for other reasons than weight either way.
@Unknown: I remember one person on PH wondering why they weren't losing weight. They kept a tub of butter or CO on their work desk and ate a spoonful any time they got hungry. Umm, helllloooooooo in there?
I'm not a big fan of CO because it changes the taste of everything it touches and while I like the taste, I don't like everything having that taste. Plus I suspect a mild allergy to it. I have palm kernel oil, which is more like wax flakes. Very user friendly for cooking, no taste/smell, very similar FA profile to CO.
May be it is an allergy in your case when you could taste CO in everything, during times when I am more prone to have an allergic reaction, fish and especially shrimps may taste really odd for me, like if it was drenched with a baking soda. There are instances when our body should be trusted.
I trust my body when it comes to allergies, or recovery from an injury or stress, but it could have a different opinion than me in the matters like a weight loss.
I can never finish it it's so filling, and I get the lovely keto buzz without the hypoglycaemia I got when low carbing. I love how tasteless MCT oil is as I'm not a huge fan of the coconut flavour in non curry or thai flavour based dishes.
Sweeter Than Your Tongue Allows: No-Calorie Sweeteners Disrupt Early Response to Glucose Ingestion, Reduce GLP-1 Expression and Could Thus Promote Overeating
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432812002859
Experience with the high-intensity sweetener saccharin impairs glucose homeostasis and GLP-1release in rats
Highlights
► Rats given dietary supplements sweetened with saccharin gained extra body weight. ► Saccharin-exposed animals were hyperglycemic during oral glucose tolerance tests. ► Hyperglycemia in saccharin-exposed animals was not due to changes in insulin release. ► Reduced release of GLP-1 was observed in saccharin-exposed animals. ► Decreased release of GLP-1 may explain both hyperglycemia and increased food intake.
I cooked with coconut oil every day for about 9 months sometimes twice a day; however, I noticed no increase in hunger. I still cook with it just not as often now that I am cutting back on my fat intake. I like it a lot more than any other oil except animal fat.
I am interested in PKO, where do you get yours at?
Just kidding. It's been a while so I'd have to dig through email receipts, but a Google on "food grade" palm kernel oil led me here: http://www.organic-creations.com/servlet/the-381/palm-kernel-oil-creating/Detail I'm 99.9% certain this is where I got mine. I note now that you can buy this on ebay now too.
Regards,
Rad
It studied the effects of fatty acid chain length on ghrelin, peptide YY, and glucagon-like peptide-2 levels in men. Lauric acid (C12), the primary fatty acid in coconut oil, was said to have "markedly suppressed plasma ghrelin" while capric acid (C10) had no effect.
When I get the chance to read to read the full study you posted, but in the meantime I thought I'd show some (potentially) contradictory findings.
-MScott
Please forgive my woeful lack of knowledge while understanding that I'm probably not the only one of your regular readers so afflicted.
Rate limiting? Could be, maybe not. Most of our biochemistry is (a) catalyzed by enzymes and (b) coupled to other reactions so that reactions that would not occur spontaneously do. So it's hard to say. But this seems at least tied to the availability of the MCFA.
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